Artificial Intelligence 2

WHAT IS AI?
We have claimed that AI is exciting but we have not said what it is. Some
textbook definitions on AI vary along two main dimensions. Some Textbooks
define AI based on thought processes and reasoning, whereas others define
it based on behavior.

The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide
a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence. Rather than
proposing a long and perhaps controversial list of qualifications requi
red for intelligence, he suggested a test based on indistinguishability
from undeniably intelligent entities- human beings. The computer passes
the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions,
cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or not.
For now, we note that programming a computer to pass the test 
provides plenty to work on. The computer would need to possess the
following capabilities:
1. natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in
English.
2. Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears;
3. Automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions
and to draw new conclusions;
4. Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and
extrapolate patterns.
Turing's test deliberately avoided direct pysical interaction between
the interrogator and the computer, because physical simulation of a per
son is unnecessary for the intelligence. However, the so-called total 
Turing Test includes a video signal so that the interrogator can test 
the subject's perceptual abilities, as well as the opportunity for the
interrogator to pass physical objects "through the hatch". To pass the 
total Turing Test, the computer will need
5. Computer vision to perceive objects, and
6. Robotics to manipulate objects and move about.
These six discplines compose most of AI, and Turing deserves credit for
designing a test that remains relevant 50 years later. Yet AI researchers
have devoted little effort to passing the Turing test, believing that
it is more important to study the underlying principles of intelligence
than to duplicate an exemplar. The quest for "artificial flight" succee
ded when the Wright brothers and others stopped imitating birds and
leaned about aerodynamics. Aeronautical engineering texts do not define
the goal of their field as making "machines that fly so exactly like pigeons
that they can fool even other pigeons"